My Best Kept Secret

For a year, we had something special. It wasn't big. It wasn't flashy. But it meant a lot to me. Welcome to JTOP: an arcane collectivity within the walls of Lower Merion High School. JTOP stands for Justin Timberlake Operation Project, an opaque title chosen to baffle anyone who might overhear us mention the organization. I was inducted as the fifth member in November of 2008, joining Maggie, Jake, Patricia and Sarah. At the time, I knew no one in this coterie but Jake, who provided me with little information.He insisted that I would find meaning in the group—that together we would be able to channel our restless frustration and curiosity into something worthwhile—but that I must first be sworn to secrecy. I was dubious, nervous, and excited. Okay. Okay. This is peculiar right? I'm not from Hogwarts, I'm not some top-secret CIA operative—I'm just a girl from a suburb of Philadelphia†¦ right? And what did â€Å"JTOP† even do? That question cannot be an swered so easily. JTOP was a chance for bright kids who love learning†¦to explore. Every meeting, every task, every debate felt like a new adventure.One day Maggie came home from school and informed us of hearing about trepanation, the practice of cutting holes into one's skull. This was creepy†¦ yet fascinating. Why would anyone willfully drill a hole into his or her head? What would that be like? So on a Wednesday night, after we finished our homework, we furtively gathered and watched a documentary that Maggie purchased entitled â€Å"Hole in Your Head,† all about the history of trepanation. Once we decided to make â€Å"circle poetry† for other students whom we admired throughout the school.Some of the students we didn't know personally—just respected from afar. Taking a black Sharpie and ripping out pages from The Philadelphia Inquirer, we began to circle words and letters creating personalized messages. I wrote a poem for Hannah, a girl I knew on ly through her insightful comments in English class. Hannah had lately been bemoaning that she was turning jaded by the stressful experience of junior year. I wrote that she shouldn't let the school system break her and that her infectious enthusiasm is too important to be replaced by cynicism.When we finished, JTOP looked up the recipients' addresses in the phone book, drove to the various homes and anonymously deposited the poems into each of their mailboxes. Once we all attended a school board meeting at which our district was considering proposed changes to the high school grading policy. I stood up and made a speech before the administrators, teachers and community on the defects of the proposal. Another time we found ourselves sitting in a coffee shop trying to figure out if we were stuck on an island which mix of 20 people from our school would we need along with us in order to survive.Another time we clandestinely met at an out-of-the-way Chinese restaurant (JTOP avoids loca tions where we could be likely spotted) and, over egg rolls, debated the merits of biological determinism. Patricia, a fierce advocate of Richard Dawkins, battled Maggie and me, advocates of environmental factors also playing a fundamental role in pushing genetic â€Å"limits. † We decided we needed an adult figure within our organization so we divulged the details of our club to Mohsen Ghodsi, our old 9th grade gifted support teacher, and asked that he serve as our mentor.He was enthusiastic in his support. He not only allowed us to hold JTOP meetings in his classroom during free periods but also supplied us with book titles and journal articles that he felt might interest us. We went creek-walking. We cooked homemade dumplings. We gave opera music a try. We debated the injustice of calling â€Å"shotgun† in the passenger seat of a car. Once, we decided to write â€Å"JTOP† on all the dollar bills we owned in the hope that some day, years from now, they might c ome back to us in currency recirculation. In June I decided to read Tom Wolfe's I Am Charlotte Simmons.The novel describes an idealistic young girl starting her freshman year at a prestigious university, who is recruited for an intellectual discussion club with an opaque misleading name—The Millennial Mutants. The resemblance between Charlotte Simmons' club and JTOP was uncanny. I realized though, it wasn't mere coincidence that Tom Wolfe described a society similar to JTOP. And, importantly, the parallels did not make me feel generic. To the contrary, they made me feel like I was a part of something much bigger. Something universal.It was exciting to think about people living â€Å"the life of the mind† elsewhere, in different schools and states and perhaps in secret clubs of their own. The notion that there are many people out there who band together in the free pursuit of ideas and experiences was comforting and validating. Maybe it all sounds trivial. Perhaps intel ligent students shouldn't be â€Å"wasting their time† writing acronyms on dollars and instead direct more focus to investing time into an internship or â€Å"getting ahead. † But I disagree. When I look back on my junior year I feel lucky to have received such a precious experience.Where is JTOP now you might ask? Well, we're all still friends, but the club definitely lost its fire over the summer, and I can't really predict what the future holds for it. But, that's okay. Just having been able to experience unfettered adolescent discovery, with people who have the same interests as I, is something that I believe really matters. And knowing that I'm not alone, and that others out there are also exploring—well that matters too. And knowing that I'll meet many more people in college who share the same passions, well that's the most exciting prospect of all

Redemption in The Kite Runner Essay

It is only natural for humans to make mistakes, just like Amir in the novel The Kite Runner, but it is how the mistakes are resolved that will dictate ones fate. The main character of The Kite Runner, Amir, knows a thing or two about making mistakes. What he struggles with throughout the novel is finding redemption for those mistakes. Throughout all stages of Amir’s life, he is striving for redemption. Whether Amir is saying the wrong thing or hiding from a hurtful truth, he always finds new things he will have to redeem himself for. That is why redemption is a huge underlining theme in The Kite Runner. When Amir is a child, he feels his father blames him for his mother’s death and cannot love him. He does everything he can think of to try and make up for the mistakes he made in the past. Since Amir feels his father does not love him, he thinks of ways to make things right with him. Amir sees Baba as a perfect higher presence that he could never amount to. When the kite running competition comes around he takes this opportunity to prove to his father that he can be more of an â€Å"ideal† son to Baba, ultimately getting redemption for everything his father has not approved of. Amir sees Baba as a perfect father figure because everyone looks up to him. Amir could never live up to Baba’s expectations of him and that is where the theme of redemption comes to play between these two characters. Although Amir impresses his father by winning the kite running competition, he ends the day by hurting his best friend in a terrible way and one day he will have to find a way to make up for it. Amir and Hassan are two inseparable children, but their relationship is unusual because Hassan is Amir’s servant. Amir is never very nice to Hassan, but Hassan would never turn his back on Amir. This is evident when he says, â€Å"For you a thousand times over†. Amir makes a huge mistake one day by hurting Hassan and it takes a ver y long time for him to find a way to redeem himself. The kit running competition was supposed to be the best day of Amir’s life. He would win, and earn his dad’s unconditional love once and for all, but things are not always as they seem. Although Amir did win the competition, something went very wrong. Hassan will always have Amir’s back, until the day he dies he would do anything for him. When Amir cut the last Kite down from the sky, Hassan decided to run it. Assef and his two friends didn’t exactly want Hassan to bring the kite back to Amir. Amir is a very evil young boy and since Hassan would do anything for Amir, he refuses to hand the kite over to Assef. Hassan’s final act of bravery results in his rape and Amir’s next big mistake. Amir watches Assef and his friends rape Hassan, but he does nothing to help his friend. Amir goes many years knowing this information but never tells anyone, but what goes around comes around. When everything finally catches up with Amir, he is a grown man. Things in Amir’s life have finally settled down, but now the past is brought b ack up; he must go find redemption once more. Amir survived his childhood, made a good life for himself and marries a beautiful Afghan woman named Soraya. One thing Amir is deprived of in his life is the ability to have children. Amir’s inability to have children could possibly be looked at as coincidental or symbolic to him making amends for his past mistakes and misgivings. Amir receives a phone call from his father’s old friend Rahim Khan. Although Rahim is dying, he asks Amir to come visit him in Afghanistan. Amir soon realizes that the main reason Rahim Khan asked him to visit was not to see him before he died, but because Rahim wants to help Amir succeed in reaching his final redemption. Rahim Khan has known about the kite running competition for Amir’s entire life, and he has a way for him to try and set things right. Hassan, who is dead now, has a son, but he is an orphan boy. The Taliban has taken over Afghanistan and they killed Hassan and his wife in cold blood. Sohrab, who is Hassan’s son, has been taken by the Taliban as payment for the orphanage. Rahim Khan puts Amir up to the challenge of going to find Sohrab and giving him a proper home. He states, â€Å"I have a way to make things right again†. In order for Amir to redeem his past with Hassan, he must go and find Sohrab, who is the ultimate symbol of redemption in Amir’s life. Finding Sohrab was Amir’s greatest accomplishment, it was the ultimate redemption for all the evil and unjust things that have haunted his past. Amir fails to stand up for himself and others, as a child. As an adult, he redeems his uncourageous past by setting it right with the help of some very close family members. Amir goes through many stages in his life, but he always seems to be redeeming himself for something. Sometimes life seems to work out in the end, and the search for redemption may not always be easy, as witnessed in Amir’s case. However, a strong will and determination can help guide the road to redemption and possible forgiveness.

The Contribution in the Field of Psychology

1-All about the contribution in the field of psychology with psychologist Sigmund Freud: As Sigmund Freud was Austrian neurologist and he was the famous founder for psychology field and that the reason, he known as Psychoanalysis and while the years of psychology he was a dominating school of concept and still quietly strong. His age was around 73-year-old and his birth date was May 6, 1856 and he died in September 23, 1939. Freud's show with a group of therapeutic skills work on talk therapy and its useful for scheme for example dream clarification, free relationship and transference. The work of Sigmund Freud on psychology, as exoteric culture also used his ideas and there were topics for epitome, Freudian slips, denial and completion of unconscious wish, moreover the attitude is also used in language which used in daily routine. The great impression and famous psychologist of the twenty century, Sigmund Freud was on number three and he was popularly known as founder of psychanalysis, there was the study and theory of psychosexual development and the Id, superego ego, Free relationship and Dream clarification. Contribution in the field of psychology: There is no inquiry that Sigmund Freud had a plentiful effect on the psychology field, paying little heed to the impression of his chance. Through his work and hypothesis, he mentioned that every single change and sickness is not based on psychology. Such as, he establishes the social qualifications which effect on science and conduct. Sigmund Freud's training and compositions added to our understanding of identity, medical psychology, human improvement, and uncommon psychology. He was the beginner of psychology school in Austria. As There were many psychologists impressed by Sigmund and his daughter. In 1896, Sigmund Freud was the one of person who used the condition of psychoanalysis. By that time his theory was showed up. The theory of normal and abnormal didn't make by Sigmund Freud but he was the one of person who made them popular. Freud won this with the help of his theory of mental reality: id, personality, and superego. 2-I admire him and selection of him for my presentation-There are number of reasons to choose that person and admire as his popularity for psychology was the famous mandate thinker and psychologist of the twenty century and he got third position in this field. Sigmund Freud displayed the theory of personally improvement, and that controversial image structured by struggle with three fundamental ways of human brain: id, ego and superego. That is the reason, I feel that, these three formed develops as kids improving their personality, as victorious raising to adept of child and every form is important for it, moreover the timing and timetable in every develops is very necessary for kids to victoriously arrive rising adulthood. Also, with the help of his theory and work that clarify, there is no connection between mental issues with psychological reasons and individuals can get recognize personality by him or herself. 3- The psychologist Sigmund Freud and his work based on this course: In this course, we have covered Sigmund Freud adding the normal and personality. He emphasized that significant of the abnormal mind and a major expectation of Freud theory is that the unconscious brain handles the behavior to biggest degree than people are not believing. The convert unconscious mind into conscious is aim of psychanalysis: Sigmund Freud believe that there are different three levels to consciousness for epitome: precocious, conscious and unconscious.Conscious- In present time, which we are doing with active mind that called conscious and its impressed our personalities and behaviors. The ideas, feelings and memories for that we are aware (Hubbard 2018).Preconscious- Nowadays we are not aware for sudden situations or problems, but there is good thing we are able to be a conscious and get awareness to handle these problems, also for all us feelings and memories as well ideas, we cannot think consciously but still we can convert into conscious awareness (Hubbard, 2018).Unconscious- Nowadays, what activities we are doing without awareness that called unconscious and still we can influence our feelings, memories and thoughts. Our all unpleasant memories even aim and wishes that are not included in consciousness (Hubbard 2018).According to F reud' theory and his three fundamentals which reflect our mind-id, superego and ego: –Id- when we want something like I want chocolate ice-cream and cake same time (Id).Superego- when my mind saying I do not have money for both things(superego).Ego-when ego decided that once I can have one thing another one I will buy another day. (Ego).4- Sigmund Freud and his work related to your everyday life; Examples 1st -As according to Freud' theory of personality, behavior and development same as my ECE field I must get information about all these things as well I can understand about child's need and interest with that I can plan activities for them also children can improve their confidence level. 2nd -As we have different levels of mind for examples, when I am conscious for my exam I read and learn properly because my mind is aware but if I am unconscious that time I cannot ready anything for exam and same time I am thinking about other situations, however if I am preconscious , that time I can convert my mind into conscious and can work on my exact task. 3rd- According to Freud' three fundaments id, superego and ego with this I can judge about my situation, like I want to eat pizza(id) but same time I have to buy a book for study(superego) at time my ego make me understand I do not have enough money so first I have to buy book and next time I can eat pizza(ego), its very useful for me. ReferencesBiography.com. (2017/2014, December/April 4/2). Sigmund Freud Biography. Retrieved from The Biography.com website: https://www.biography.com/people/sigmund-freud-9302400Phillips, A. (2014). Becoming Freud: the making of a psychoanalyst. Retrieved from https://senecacollege-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=01SENC_ALMA5148410560003226;context=L;vid=01SEHubbard, K. (2018). Psychoanalytic Approach [PowerPoint Presentation]. Retrieved from My. Seneca.

Tata Motors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tata Motors - Assignment Example To respond to the market needs, automotive manufacturers have expanded their range of products through extensive research and development (Ireland, Hokisson & Hitt, 2011). According to the law of demand, when all factors are held constant a good that is highly priced will attract less demand. As such, sales are fewer when the products are highly priced. The automotive market has exploited this law of demand to its advantage (Harrison, 1993). The industry has in the recent past increased capacity to develop and produce affordable cars. Brands such as Tata Motors have invested in research and development to identify ways of cutting costs. Reduction in costs leads to the production of affordable cars and as such creating demand. A, B and C denote points on the demand curve. The points reflect the correlation between the quantities (Q) required and the particular price (P) associated with the  demand. From this it clear that highly priced automotive products have over the years experienced lesser demand. The law of supply demonstrates what quantities of automotive items are to be sold at individual prices. According to this law, a higher price leads to higher supply of automotive products. Tata Motors, like other players in the auto industry, responded to this law by producing more units when the prices are higher so as to increase revenues. Unlike to demand relationship, relationship of supply has a component of time. As such, many players of the automotive have reviewed how their ordering processes are done. Many industry players are allowing for invoicing twice a month as compared to initial practices of invoicing once a month. The follow graph is an illustration of this law: In the automotive industry, equilibrium of demand and supply has been in existence in the recent years. Growth of industry is attributable to the fact that the provision of the automotive matches with the

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Summary - Essay Example As it were it introduces an altered relationship as opposed to the one generally perceived in the writing on financial sector advancement. The vitality of that to the current center of the Qatari government on broadening of its economy identifies with the inquiry of how decently represented this sector is to help this arrangement as a wellspring of development, vocation and pay and how appropriate government activities are in backing of accomplishing such an objective. Qatar is an extremely youthful and little express that has accomplished enormous strides in its financial advancement since its freedom in 1971. It has moved from an economy underpinned by essential economic exercises to a rich oil-trading state. The development and advancement that went hand in hand with the solidification of its oil economy has been generous thinking of it as little populace. As indicated by the 2004 enumeration the populace was put at 744.000, an increment of 42.5 percent on the past statistics of 1997. A 2006 review demonstrated that the populace had developed to 834,754, an increment of 12.6 percent on the 2004 evaluation. In any case, late gauges demonstrate that the aggregate populace arrived at 1,650,139 in 2009. This fast increment is because of the vast onrushing of outside work to address the needs of the extending economy. Qatari nationals speak to short of what 34 percent of the aggregate populace. The nations every capita Gross domestic product surpass ed USD 54,000 in 2006 and is estimate to reach more than USD 103,500 in 2009; one of the worlds most astounding. Regularly, the little size of the populace in connection to the enormous size of its Gross domestic product is an element in this. These riches has propelled the political authority of Qatar to be amazingly yearning about putting Qatar on the world guide on account of its oil and

BOOK REVIEW THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO MUCH BY LEAVITT, DAVID Essay

BOOK REVIEW THE MAN WHO KNEW TOO MUCH BY LEAVITT, DAVID - Essay Example In his book The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer (Great Discoveries) the author David Leavitt presents his view on mathematics where he discusses the inability of the subject mathematics to penetrate the popular culture. He presents his idea through the life of Alan Turing, the famous mathematician and self-proclaimed homosexual, who decoded the 'enigma' machine during the WWII. The writer argues that where other subjects like literature and law can be discussed with common nonprofessional mathematics on the other hand seems to be subjected for only few that according to the author may be represented as bliss of sixth sense. It is painful for the mathematicians to feel all lonely and is not able to discuss matters of their subject with the commoners as that would not be understandable by anyone. This is a sense of isolation and though however beautiful that the world of mathematics the writer considers this isolation to be difficult to handle. Nevertheless, he is optimistic that with the development of the human intelligence, ultimately all would master the art of mathematics and though he himself refers it as an utopian thought he cannot stop thinking that mathematics should be perceptible by all or at least all should try for that.

Report of Research of HTM editors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report of Research of HTM editors - Essay Example It supports several coding languages which gives the user the ability to create an entire website in one program. For beginners, the multi-language support allows you to see which part of your website is made up of HTML and how your CSS (cascading style sheet – or design style sheet) effects your finished page. About.com rate Komodo Edit as the best free XML editor available. It includes a lot of great features for HTML and CSS development, and extensions are available to add on languages or other useful features. 3: HTML-Kit Tools is an excellent program for experienced designers; it has a strong set of features with no frills. But it does take some time to get used to the User Interface and general navigation. It is not a WYSIWYG editor, but it does have a Preview mode where you can see code changes as you make them. Other features include color co-ordinated code indicators, and direct links to help files straight from tooltip popups that appear if you leave your cursor above a tag for a couple seconds. These make navigating unfamiliar code much easier.   Overall it is a lightweight, smooth running program that never crashes. With macros, customizable hotkeys and plug-ins available, HTML-Kit Tools can be adapted for any web project. Newcomers might find HTML-Kit Tools difficult to use, but experienced designers will be very happy with it. 4: NetObjects Fusion 11  has everything you need to build exciting interactive websites; it has earned critical praise worldwide as one of the fastest, easiest programs to build and manage Web sites. In contrast to other code-based programs, NetObjects Fusion 11 was developed for creative users: desktop publishers, graphic designers and layout specialists. From advanced Flash intros to classic HTML-based FAQ pages, NetObjects Fusion 11 can do it all. Features include WYSIWYG interface, FTP,

Innovation in nursing IP phase 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation in nursing IP phase 2 - Assignment Example Answers for Appendix A are: 1) 7, 2) 6, 3) 7, 4) 8, 5) 6, 6) 7, 8) 6, 9) 7, 10) 8, 11) 7, 12) 7, 13) 8, 14) 8, 15) 7, 16) 8, and 17) 8. After computing for the score, the mean for the exercise is 6.35. It is just a few points above half the scale. There is still room for improvements towards innovation in medical nursing care. The result may not be as impressive as initially expected but theoretical assessment does not literally translate to actual assessment which matters the most (Endsley, 2010). Strong points would be willingness to learn and open-mindedness. One would strongly consider those characteristics in a person who is working in the medical field as one would take in instructions from physicians. A single mistake into executing the instruction may put a patient’s life in jeopardy. Willingness to learn is somewhat associated with the fact that though one is knowledgeable in the field, there would be breakthroughs and changes which are needed to be executed. Learning, especially in the medical field, does not end upon graduation. There would be changes in the way medications would be administered to patients which are very crucial. Learning is not just the important thing at this aspect but also being properly informed. The two goes hand in hand. As for open-mindedness, there would be come a time that a nurse would be getting orders from interns and/or specialists who could be not just younger in age but also younger in exposure to the actual hospital or clini c. At this point, though the idea and concept of respect should always be present at a working environment, it is not always those who are employed longer who would get the final decision. This characteristic is truly crucial in the nursing world. As for weakness, one could point out lack of confidence and occasional stubbornness. Methods of expanding and enhancing innovations should be more inclined towards hand-on learning. It would give nurses

Suggestions of Crisis Communication for the Chinese Government Literature review

Suggestions of Crisis Communication for the Chinese Government - Literature review Example In short, a threat, surprise, unpredictability, short duration of response and inevitability define crises. Among all crises, damages, reputation and image are of key concern to any leader and organization during the crisis and post crisis. Arnold (2008) argues that reputational damage is an emergent danger during any crisis. Chen (2008) cites image as a central concept to the disciplines of human relations, fundamental to organizations (such as, government bodies, corporations, nonprofit groups and government institutions) as well as individuals. When a crisis erupts, the organization’s image is damaged and its capacity to manage the crisis qualities are put to test (Becker 2011). Coombs (2012) argues that crisis management is aimed at reducing or warding off financial and reputational risks by espousing the development of policies to help in the handling communication crises. A bank for crisis management policies seeks to help reduce potential negative outcomes ascribed to emergent situations and, thereby, protect institutions, stake holders and the industry from damage, According to Coombs (2012), an active crisis management platform originates from a universal â€Å"range of crisis communication approaches† comprising of a variety of activities from â€Å"denial to accommodation†. Defensive approaches assert that no disaster exists, or try to evade accountabilities for the crisis, through comprise, denial, excuses, justifications and attacks targeted at the accuser.

Assessment Referrals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assessment Referrals - Essay Example According to Deiner (2003), â€Å"Communication is the process by which information is transmitted between two or more individuals† (pp. 273). Before making a referral for additional assessment in determining whether or not a student has a communication disorder, thorough amounts of interventions should be completed—as well as copious note-taking and recording evidence of a student’s behavior. Two strengths of observational assessment are: 1) that a teacher can physically see with his or her own eyes what problem or problems the student is dealing with; and then 2) record these observations for further discussion at some point in the future. The limitations of observational assessment are that: 1) there is no feedback provided by the student unless verbal or written; and 2) there is no way to know, short of asking, what the student’s viewpoint is during the assessment. Anectdotal records would be preferable to keep records—and then later on, the sch ool psychologist might be able to take such notes and go down a checklist of his or her own about what these behaviors together might mean. According to Boyles and Contadino (1998), â€Å"Poor communication skills can interfere with every aspect of the childs life. Learners with communication disorders quickly fall behind in school. Vocabularies dwindle, memories fail, and problem solving becomes difficult† (pp. 158). Therefore, if the diagnosing individual can pinpoint what the student is having difficulty with, that might make the student be able to more effectively handle his or her

Introduce ZED buildings principles and its Philosophy in relation to Essay

Introduce ZED buildings principles and its Philosophy in relation to Energy efficiency policy,why ZED is becoming one of the mos - Essay Example Efforts have been made in order for the negative effects of building projects on the natural environment to be minimized – for example, the update of existing British legislation on wildlife and the adoption of Kyoto Protocol by a series of countries worldwide (The Telegraph 2010). The ZED building philosophy is the major initiative of this type. The specific framework has been primarily promoted by organizations operating in the private sector – reference is made to ZED Factory, a firm focusing on the expansion of ZED building philosophy in building projects across Britain. However, the ZED building principles – as analytically explained by ZED Factory – could be easily adopted by firms of the construction industry; this effort would have more chances to succeed if the relevant principles were gradually adopted – for instance, through the incorporation, primarily, of energy saving schemes, a fact highlighted in the BedZED (eco-village) scheme (BedZ ED, Eco-Community, 2011). Moreover, the support of the state would increase the effectiveness of ZED building principles on existing building projects; this initiative could be developed worldwide – using the theoretical and practical framework suggested by ZED Factory, as explained throughout the paper. The examination of the existing status and performance of ZED building philosophy has led to the conclusion that the specific framework would be quite effective for limiting the negative effects of construction projects on the environment; moreover, its principles are rather easy to be understood and incorporated – being related with the existing energy efficiency schemes as promoted both by individuals and the state. 2. ZED buildings principles and philosophy – description The ZED building philosophy has many different aspects; however, its priority remains the increase of energy efficiency of buildings. Through the years, ZED philosophy has been developed in o rder to meet the advanced requirements of modern buildings – as these requirements have been affected by the technology used in various stages of the relevant building projects. It should be also noted that ZED philosophy couldn’t be understood without referring to its forms and implications in practice, i.e. in the context of buildings on which ZED building principles have been applied. For this reason, the presentation of the particular philosophy has been combined with the reference to construction projects, which have been based on the ZED building principles. An important example of this type is the eco-village BedZED; the buildings of this village have been constructed in such way, so that an important reduction of energy consumption is achieved. Indeed, in a report developed in 2009, i.e. seven years after the completion of the specific building project (in 2002), it was mentioned that the homeowners of the specific site consumed ‘45% lower electricty and 81% less hot water than the borough average’ (PeaBody Organization, UK, 2009, 4); it is also noted that the initial targets of the particular project, i.e. the limitation of the energy consumed by the homeowners and the following limitation of the pollution caused to the environment, have been both

An Analysis on Alfred Hitchcock and His Film Psycho Essay Example for Free

An Analysis on Alfred Hitchcock and His Film Psycho Essay In the â€Å"shower scene† in Alfred Hitchcock’s movie, the amount of blood that flowed can be considered in contemporary times as nothing short of artistry or a sense of tastefulness in the viewer’s understanding. However, during the 1960’s, the â€Å"shower scene† is considered unreasonable or gratuitous, giving the scene the impression that it depicts too much unsolicited violence. For those who look upon the â€Å"shower scene† as one of Hitchcock’s attempt of revolutionizing films, the scene can be treated as one that reflects the perception of the time in which the film was conceived. Apparently, the â€Å"shower scene† amongst the number of hair-raising scenes in the film further reflects the 1960s social upheaval that grew in the west, including the United States. Another violent scene in the movie is the one that showed Detective Milton Arbogast being slashed to a bloody death after he was pushed off from the height of the stairs. The murder of the private detective in the movie Psycho, as well as the â€Å"shower scene†, can be taken to mean as two of the social upheavals that burst in the 1960s American society, revolutionizing the way in which movie scenes are crafted especially the way in which they portray violence, sexuality, and language. Hitchcock generally worked and directed movies that fall under the thriller genre by imprinting upon formulaic movies his famed idiosyncratic touches. The manner in which Hitchcock worked as a crucial part of the filmmaking process largely contributed in â€Å"propelling him to the status of an auteur†. Hitchcock even â€Å"ordered and manipulated the shade of blonde he was looking for in Grace Kellys hair† in one of the films (Martin Wikstrom, 2001, p. 20). What enabled Hitchcock to â€Å"cut in the camera† is his attitude of working out the details of the film in advance, which eventually corresponds to the unswervingly stumpy ratio of film really utilized in the finishing cut to the film shot during the entire shoot. Having worked out everything in advance, he worked quickly and economically. A minimal set of editing was the result of his working attitude, hence the term â€Å"cutting in the camera. † The fact that Hitchcock planned every detail in advance oftentimes led to bore him during the actual shooting of the film. To fend off languor in the course of the actual filming progression, he would customarily commence labor on the storyboards for his coming film project (Martin Wikstrom, 2001, p. 21). â€Å"When all the interesting film-makers—those who were referred to as auteurs by the Cahiers du Cinema in 1955, before the term was distorted—concealed themselves behind various characters in their movies. Alfred Hitchcock achieved a real tour de force† that established his status further as an auteur (Ray, 2001, p. 38). Hitchcock’s most popular films include Vertigo, Psycho, Rear Window, and The Birds which reflected his story telling methods and skills which were renowned for their witty plots, intelligent dialogues and the fusion of mystery and murder. With this respect, Hitchcock’s name became commonly attributed to the thriller genre as he created revolutions in that aspect of filmmaking. Part of the reason to this, apart from the fact that it was the genre he centrally focused on, is his skill which he exhibits during the course of the film which can be observed in his treatment of the subject in line with the shots he utilizes and on how he is able to fuse them altogether (Truffaut Scott, 2003, p. 346). One illustration to this is shown in one of his famed screen moments. The terrifying shower scene in the film Psycho featured 70 unique shots in just a matter of 1 minute. The numbers of shots were combined altogether in such a manner that one will find a difficult time seeking the distinction between the montage and the mise-en-scene (Nickens, 1995, p. 110). A considerable number of movies made by Hitchcock contained fleeting cameo appearances by the director himself such as a Hitchcock being seen for a brief period boarding a bus, standing in an apartment across the length of a courtyard, appearing in photographs in the scenes, or by simply crossing in front of an edifice. This seemingly playful act eventually became labeled as one of the Hitchcock signatures in films. Further, Hitchcock himself would carry a musical instrument in one of the scenes in the film as a recurring theme (Martin Wikstrom, 2001, p. 23). The fact that these varied elements are included in the movies of Hitchcock signifies the fact that Hitchcock had a very huge role in the filmmaking process and that this monumental role extends his personality right into the theme of the movie. Since film producers have a significant trust on Hitchcock, he was able to freely include these elements either in a subtle or in an obvious manner. The constant inclusion of these personal elements in the many movies of Hitchcock eventually molded an image uniquely his own. Hence, it became inevitable that the movies highlighting these elements were immediately attributed to Hitchcock thereby creating the director-image of Hitchcock as an auteur (Sarris, 2002, p. 29). Considering all of the characteristics of Hitchcock, his crucial role in the movies he created, the inclusion of the elements in the movies which reflect his personality and lifestyle as well as the role of the scholars in carefully assessing his impact of his personal touches in the movies, it can be said that Hitchcock indeed is an auteur in the strictest sense of the word. Although arguments can be raised against the role of the director as an auteur in the filming of the movies, it remains a fact that Hitchcock had an immense weight of participation prior to, during , and even after the filmmaking process. Part of the arguments against it is the claim that several other factors must also be considered and the merit should not solely belong to the director. As with the case of the seemingly lesser roles in the movies, the collective efforts of all the participants excluding the participation of the director when combined altogether essentially posits a substantial bearing in the creation of the film. In conclusion, the factors which are attributed to the delegation of the status of an auteur to Hitchcock should not be looked upon as a means to ignore the relative importance of the role of the rest of the crew involved in film production. Rather, the role of Hitchcock as an auteur should be noted as a form of a proper authority in guiding the direction of the film. On the other hand, the distinction between an auteur and the other roles in the film production should be taken as an informal relationship which defines the structure of the outcome of the movie. This is the point where Hitchcock himself leads the way not only as a director but also as the auteur. Not surprisingly, Alfred Hitchcock techniques are indeed innovative during his life where a considerable number of his films manifested his ingenuity in the film industry. Especially in his film Psycho, Hitchcock’s style in directing the film is manifested through his fitting use of musical scores and backgrounds in the proper timing and scene. His approach in Psycho manifest the fact that Hitchcock is only one of the few who was able to reshape the film industry and contribute significantly to its quality and style. References Martin, G. , Wikstrom, P. (2001). Alfred Hitchcock and the Golden Days of Radio. In The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion (1st ed. , pp. 20-23): O T R Pub. Nickens, C. (1995).Psycho: Behind the Scenes of the Classic Thriller (1st ed. ): Harmony. Ray, R. B. (2001). The Bordwell Regime and the Stakes of Knowledge. In How a Film Theory Got Lost and Other Mysteries in Cultural Studies (pp. 38-39). Indiana: Indiana University Press. Sarris, A. (2002). The Auteur Theory Revisited. In V. W. Wexman (Ed. ), Film and Authorship (pp. 27-29). New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Truffaut, F. , Scott, H. Hitchcocks Final Years. In 2003 (Ed. ), The Definitive Study of Alfred Hitchcock (Revised ed. , pp. 346). New York: Gallimard.

Concepts in Creative Accounting

Concepts in Creative Accounting Creative Accounting is usually depicted as a smeared subject and hence considered as an adverse deed. It is quite common that as and when the words â€Å"Creative Accounting† are indicated, the thinking that surfaces in one’s head is that of manipulation, dishonesty and fraud. It is apparent that if at all any error appears when resorting to Creative Accounting; it is not because that the tool is faulty, but the user is to be blamed. Progressively more companies have avoided disasters by adopting Creative Accounting and there are also numerous instances of companies which could wriggle out of adversities by using it. If creative accounting adheres to ethical and legal standards as well as the generally acceptedInternational Journal of accounting principles (GAAP), they can produce enormousprofits to the business and its shareholders or help strive through tough and challenging periods. Furthermore, attempting to completely illegalise it is impractical and narrows the gr owth of the accounting profession with such restrictions. Alternatively, educating accountants on ethical behavior and promoting professionalism could be a better solution. In 2008, Hooper, Davey, Liyanarachchi, Prescott has defined Creative accounting as a method whereby accountants use their understanding of accounting rules to manipulate the figures stated in the financial statement of a business. Basically it deals with various matters of conclusions and perseverance of conflicts between perplexing approaches to the presentation of the consequences of financial dealings and transactions. In 2008, Hooper et al. opined that on a wider perspective creative accounting can be considered as worthy provided an accountant puts this tool in use with a judgement based on sturdy moral and ethical footing to objectively portray the performance of a company. Nevertheless, creative accounting can also be construed as an evil accounting exercise, as there are negative zones that permit literally ‘creative accounting’. A pertinent instance for this is the common practice of submitting a well looking report to the shareholders without violating the boundaries of the letter of the law (Hooper et al., 2008). The lack of rigidity within the criteria and law compromises probabilities for manipulation and distortion; activities that may be considered unethical by most of humanity. In 1995, Breton and Taffler stated that it is a hard task for individual shareholders to distinguish the facts and the results of accounting manipulation because of lack of personal expertise, unresponsiveness or a reluctance to undertake a meticulous scrutiny. This botch on the stakeholders’ part is not a serious issue as far as the market proficiency is concerned. While concluding their research, Breton and Taffler opined that though there is certainly a scarcity of creative accounting strategies in the perspective analysts, the number of accounting professionals required is relatively low â€Å"for the market as a whole appropriately to process window dressed numbers†. However, in 1999, Healy and Wahlen backed with reports stated that creative accounting prior to equity issues does have an impact on share prices, vividly establishing that the potential investors do not necessarily take interest in creative accounting. The major areas where creative accounting can make vital contributions are: governing elasticity, lack of rules, an opportunity for managerial judgment in respect of expectations about the future, the scheduling of some dealings, the use of simulated businesses and lastly the reclassification and presentation of financial results. Accounting regulations normally allows policy options; valuation of asset is a good instance for it. International Accounting Standards offer a selection between carrying non current assets at either depreciated historical or cost revalued amounts. It is up to the Business entities to change their accounting policies depending on the situation on ground. Schipper stated in 1989 that any change in policy is comparatively noticeable in the year in which it is adapted; but in the following years such changes may not be easily distinguishable. There are several areas which are not amply covered by proper regulations. One good example for this is relating to accounting regulations for various stock options. No clear cut mandatory guidelines are set as yet in this area. Even in some of the developed countries such as Spain; accounting regulations in some areas are extremely scant. The crediting process and the size of the pension liabilities and certain norms for accounting financial instruments can be stated as some of the examples. There is opportunity for managerial judgement for appraisal in discretionary areas. In 1988, Mc Nichols and Wilson took bad debts provision as an example and examined the discretionary and non-discretionary elements in it. In order to render a good look to the accounts, the Management can decide upon the timing of even genuine transactions. For instance, if a company has made an investment at historic cost which can be vended for a higher price, being the current value. It is the prerogative of the managers of the business to opt as to which year they sell off the investment so as to show an increased profit in the financial statements. Artificial business transactions may be incorporated to manipulate balance sheet amounts and to hobble profits between different accounting periods. This can be accomplished with the tacit connivance of a third party; such as banks, which is willing to enter into two or more correlated deals. A vivid example for this can be found in an agreement for selling an asset to a bank and then lease the said asset for the rest of its life span. The sale value under such a sale and leaseback agreement can be inclined above or below the present value of the asset as the variance can be remunerated for by reduced or increased rentals. These are poorly researched in the literature. In 2001, Gramlich et al. suggested that companies may manipulate balance sheets to reclassify liabilities so as to report a more rosy liquidity and leverage ratios. The presentation of financial numbers provides a distinct style of creative accounting that is based on cognitive reference points. In the year 2000, Niskanen and Keloharju described that â€Å"the idea behind this behaviour is that humans may perceive a profit of, say, 301 million as abnormally larger than a profit of 298 million†. There were many other studies such as one undertaken by van Caneghem in 2002 have clearly showed that some trivial fiddling of figures does happen in order to achieve some noteworthy landmarks. In 2002 Naser and Pendlebury questioned senior business auditors about their involvement of creative accounting. According to them a substantial proportion of all types of companies use creative accounting procedures to certain magnitude. Several research studies scrutinized a specific aspect or practice of creative accounting. The entire studies confirmed that creative accounting using a precise technique. In 1976 Barnea et al. explained classificatory smoothing with the deployment of extraordinary items and their results, founded on a study of 62 US companies, indicate that classificatory smoothing does happen. A large number of accounting appraisals and estimates are allowed by IFRSs. Thefeature of accounting estimates is that the amount considered for a preciseelement reflected on the financial statements is not an exact figure. Mulford and Comiskey (2002:64, 26) is of the view that the areas of flexibility within the IFRSs could indicate the areas of creative accounting. According to Baralexis (2004:440) since the IFRSs is an essential condition for creative accounting, there are two types of creative accounting the legitimate and the illegitimate. It is very hard to differentiatebetween creative accounting and the realistic application of business judgement. When all the aspects discussed above is taken into consideration, the very question automatically raised would be as to why flexibility is allowedwithin the IFRSs in the first place if the menace of manipulation of financialinformation is apparent. Healy and Wahlen (1999:366) opined that the financial statements are the best evidence for the knowledge of a manager about his company. They further stated that accounting standards should allow managers to make judgements and thereby conveying the necessary data to the users of financial reports which could possiblyenhance the worth of accounting.Mr. Arthur Levit, the former chairman of Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) defends the practice of flexibility in accounting standards with the following observation:â€Å"Flexibility in accounting allows it to keep pace with business innovations.† (Levitt 1998:16).McBarnet and Whelan (1999:39) noted that in the UK, where the use of IFRSs is extensively prevalent toprepare financia l statements, the emphasis is on principles rather than on rules.They maintain that doctrines are considered as the only means to seize the intricacy ofaccounting. THE EFFECT OF ESTIMATES IN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BY ELIZABETH JOHANNA RAUBENHEIMER Creative accounting is of great assistance to sustain or increase theshare value by maintaining debt level to lower risk and bypresenting enhanced profits in the financial statements. Due to the high share price, the company will be able to amass new capital easily and will be of immense help during takeover efforts. There are some authors who is of the view that delaying tactics resorted by management in publishing the financial figures to the market with an ulterior motive to extract some benefits from the delay can be described as creative accounting. However, if the management’s objective is not to hurt the interest of the investors, such actions cannot be termed as fraudulent. Use or Abuse of Creative Accounting Techniques Normally, businesses choose to portray a stable trend of growth in profit instead of displaying explosive profits with a chain of intense increases and drops. It can be achieved by setting unreasonably high provisions for liabilities against assets in bright years to enable a reduction in these provisions thereby improving the profits in bad years. The supporters of this tactic is of the view that it is a measure against the ‘short-termism of adjudging an asset on the basis of the profits earned in the immediate ensuing years. This approach also shuns high anticipations during bright periods so that the management is not embarrassed when the performance is not that good as expected in the following years. It is contended against this backdrop that if the business environment of a firm is indeed explosive or impulsive; then the stakeholders have every right to be aware of this fact so that income smoothing may obscure enduring fluct uations in the profit movement. In 1991, Revsine contemplated the issue and opined that both managers and investors are benefited from loose accounting standards that allow managers with autonomy in scheduling the reporting of income. He went on to add that accounting as a system has the principal duty to constantly checking the agreements between managers and other agencies such as financial institutions, monitor the market mechanisms to ensure that they are operating effectively, be alert so that the accounting manipulation potentials can be detected in time and reflected accordingly in the pricing and contract decisions. The works on the morals of prejudice in accounting policy choice is appraised at the macro level of the accounting watchdog. Correspondingly, these literatures can be applied to the prejudice in accounting policy options at the micro level of the administration of businesses that is inherent in creative accounting. It is very interesting to analyse the two contrasting stands propounded by Ruland and Revsine. A close scrutiny of the opinion of Ruland reveals that he makes an obvious differentiation between the deontological and teleological views. According to him, deontological views are moral rules which apply to actual actions and the teleological views are that any action should be adjudged on the basis of the moral substance of the results. Revsine appears to be more lenient towards teleological perspective of accounting in the private sector so that the managers have the liberty to opt the alternatives provided in ‘loose’ standards to attain their preferred goal. However, when he talks about deontological view of accounting in the public sector; he advocates more stringent criterions to avert such manipulation. Obviously, we tend to question whether the existence or non-existence of market restraints and controls excuses such moral contradiction. Ruland further explained the d ifference between a positive obligation to present an unbiased accounts and a negative responsibility where managers are duty bound to explain the states of affairs they fail to avert. We can conclude that Ruland accords precedence to the positives whereas in Revsines scheme of things, all results are reckoned to be linked with the manner of contracting and price-setting and the difference is not recognized. The duty to refrain would involve eluding the prejudices intrinsic in creative accounting while the duty to act would encompass following the magnitudes to be accomplished by creative accounting. In 1995, Leung and Cooper conducted a survey of 1500 accountants in Australia and established three ethical problems faced most frequently were conflict of interest, clients’ insistence to manipulate accounts and clients’ eagerness to evade tax. However, two surveys undertaken in USA on attitudes to creative accounting; both highlighted a variance in accountants’ attitudes to creative accounting contingent on whether it results from misuse of accounting regulations or from the manipulation of business dealings. Further researches by Fischer and Rosenzweig in 1995 discovered that MBA and accounting students were more cynical than accounting professionals of manipulated transactions. On the other hand, accounting practitioners were severely criticizing the abuse of accounting rules than the students. Similarly, Merchant and Rockness in 1994 through their extensive studies established that accountants were relentlessly criticizing when presented with various scenari os of creative accounting. They also pointed out that the accountants lashed out at abuse of accounting rules and they were less critical about manipulation of transactions. An attempt was made by Fischer and Rosenzweig to propose two probable reasons for accountants attitudes. First and foremost, accountants may resort to a rule-based approach to ethics instead of its impact on the users of the accounts. Secondly, accountants consider manipulation of accounting rules is their prerogative and within their purview and as such call for an ethical judgement, while the manipulation of business transactions falling under the domain of management and hence the same ethical scanner is not applied. Merchant and Rockness also stated that a variance in accountants attitudes towards creative accounting is greatly influenced by the impetus of management. It has been noticed that creative accounting founded on blatant self-centered motives invite greater censure than the impetus for promoting the interest of the company. Anyone, be it an accountant or a manager, who dares to adopt a position against creative accounting would certainly face a lot of pressure as any ot her whistleblower or dissenter. There were some extreme instances where loss of reputation was the result for failing to act. Apparently, accounting professionals and managers are required to exercise a fair amount of discretion and judgment on a regular basis and as such it is imperative for them to have a thorough knowledge of ethical sensitivity relating to various creative accounting practices. There could be extensive pressure put on managers and accountants to involve themselves in creative accounting. In order to satisfy the shareholders and to impress the stock market, companies might compel accountants and managers to twist the quarterly financial reports to appear them attractive. Even the accountants and managers may have concern that the management might evaluate their performance without according much weightage to the precision of the financial statements prepared by them; but as to how far the statements are in favour of the management. Therefore, the practicing accountants are required to possess adequate knowledge, good discretion and judgement, sound moral values and courage to face and wi thstand the pressure from the management side. Hence, if the curriculum for accountants and managers can instill ethical sensitivity to creative accounting, it could perhaps assist in reducing their penchant to involve in these malpractices. Attitudes of Students and Accounting Practitioners Concerning the Ethical Acceptability of Earnings Management To conclude, the evidence suggests that creative accounting is a very effective tool. However, if it is not used wisely or falls in the possession of the wrong people, it will have negative impact rather than contributing value addition. If creative accounting adheres to ethical and legal standards as well as the generally acceptedInternational Journal of accounting principles (GAAP), they can produce enormousprofits to the business and its shareholders or help strive through tough and challenging periods. Furthermore, attempting to completely illegalise it is impractical and narrows the growth of the accounting profession with such restrictions. On the other hand, if accountants are educated on the importance of ethical behavior and professionalism is promoted, this could help solve the problem.

Examining The Automotive Industry In Malaysia Economics Essay

Examining The Automotive Industry In Malaysia Economics Essay The industry I have chosen is the automotive Industry in Asean in particular Malaysia and to go more indepth I took proton as a good case study what is happening to the Malaysian automotive industry. Why Malaysia? Malaysia has a strong driving culture and one of the highest penetration rates of cars per capita in the world (Bonami, 2005, p. S3), as well as the growing clout of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) markets, Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional Berhad (PROTON) as an appropriate sample available at (http://www.proton.com) Brief introduction about proton The first national car project by Malaysia was undertaken with the establishment of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional (PROTON) in 1983. The Proton Saga was produces 1985. Proton nowadays produces a number of car models and variants, including the Iswara, Perdana,Wira, Satria, Putra,Waja and most recently, the GEN-2 and Satria Neo. The latest 104 M. Rosli F. Kari models, as reported, use Malaysian developed engines through collaboration between Proton and its subsidiary, Lotus (United Kingdom) . . Political and economic structures, including cultural attitudes relevant to the business; According to ( Rasiah, 2005) Malaysia continues to protect its automobile industry against the conditions in the Trade related Investment Measures (TRIMs) agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the inclusion of automotives under the common effective preferential tariffs (CEPT) under the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area (AFTA) process has brought increasing pressure for the removal of localization-based tariff protection of automotives and parts production in the country Stimulatory and Protective Measures set by the Malaysian government The development of the Malaysian automotive industry is heavily depending upon the undivided support of the government. Various stimulatory and protective measures, such as investment incentives, a local content policy, and tariff and nontariff barriers were implemented to stimulate the development of both local automotive and parts production. Proton in particular is a unique case because of its status as the first national project. To date, the largest shareholders in Proton are still government-controlled agencies, namely Khazanah Nasional Berhad (42.7 per cent), the Employees Provident Fund (12.6 per cent), and Petronas (9.8 per cent). Temasek Holdings Pte. Ltd, a Singapore investment merged as a new shareholder with a 5 per cent Holding ( Rosli.M KariF 2008). The government has also provided many incentives under the 1986 Promotion of Investment Act. In particular the Pioneer Status and Investment Tax Allowance are the two most lucrative tax incentives granted to companies involved in promoted activities or products that are, from time to time, determined by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). In order to help to develop national capabilities in the automobile Industry in a sustainable but competitive way, the Malaysian government initially provided protection, allowing Proton( and other Malaysian car manufacturers) to withstand some early environmental downturns (Todd, 1986). For example, import duties were set at roughly 21% on domestic components, as compared to 40% on the equivalent foreign parts. This implies that there was a substantial difference in price between foreign imported cars and proton cars. Moreover, PROTON cars required excise duties of only 11%, while foreign branded automobiles were taxed up to 25%. Further, the authorities demanded car assemblers charge a profit margin of 16 to 17% to avoid price wars (Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008). This all resulted into that Proton was totally protected in any kind of way of the way to potential success was predetermined in Malaysia. Economic structure Cultural attitudes In Malaysia there is general consensus that the automobile industry is one of the drivers of world economic growth and has the potential to shape how we make things . . . , how we work . . . , what we buy, how we think and the way we live(Womack, Jones, Roos, 1990, p. 11). Therefore the Malaysian economy has always been heavily depending upon the automobile industry or product which are complementary to that, such as petrol in which Malaysia has one of the biggest oil( Petronas) producing companies in Asia.As mentioned earlier a strong driving culture exists in Malaysia and owing a car is culturally considered as a status symbol of wealth and prosperity. Moreover, the plan has been since the 1970s to turn Malaysia into the League of Developed Nations under the visionary leadership of Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, and was introduced in a national development policy document entitled Vision 2020(Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008) This is important, from a economical points of view as Malaysia has not gone through the usual industrial stages, which implies highly skilled, labor-intensive to mass production (semi skilled, limited products) to multi skilled, mass customization (Simpson, Sykes, Abdullah, 1998). . Nature of international trade in ASEAN, now and historically (say ten years ago); Currently, Asean is near to create an integrated economic community that will free movements of goods, services, investment, capital and skilled labor within the 10 Asean countries. An AEC characterized by a single market and production base allows for economies of scale, investment flows and building business linkages and network to promote further commerce. The future looks bright for Asean due to fully rebound of the economic crisis. It is expected that Asean private demand picks up, export will increase and social safety will be more enhanced. However, the Economic Community pillar has introduced at AEC scorecard, which list down the measures to be undertaken and the achievements to date. Thus, far Asean only has a 75.5% achievement rate for the 2008/2009 measures. Asean has to do a number of things if it is to achieve its goal of building an AEC by 2015. This current year exports of Asean are expecting to rise between 4.9% and 5.6 % after a 1.5% growth in 2009. In the area of services Asean members are close to completing the 7th AFAS package of service commitments covering varying levels of commitments in 65 services Hub sectors. The service sector of Asean received the highest amount of FDI, accounting for more than 50% of total Aseans FDI. The sign are good and Asean will see a further increasing growth this year and currently capital flows are increasing, inflation remains low and manageable and Asean currencies appreciate slightly versus the Euro and US$. History Since the adoption of the AEC blueprint in 2007, significant progress has been made towards achieving the AEC in 2015. In Janaury 2010, The Asean-6 achieved zero tariffs covering 99 and for the CLMV 98% and at 0.5 % tariff rates of the total tariff covering under the common effective preferential tariffs for asean free trade area(CEPT-AFTA). Also in the same month Asean saw the realization of Asean-China and Asean-Korea free trade agreements and the commencement of the implementation of the Asean- Australia-New Zealand free trade agreements and Asean India free trade agreement. Since 2000 Asean exports rose from US$68 billion to US$162.5 billion in 2009. Asean imports of services from the world market has also expanded markedly, of similar trend and magnitutude as exports, increasing two-fold from US$ 86.6 to US$ 180.4 billion in 2009 In investment, Asean has witnessed a steady increase in intra-Asean FDI flows accouting for 18.2% ( US$ 10.8 billion) of total Asean FDI ( US$ 59.7 billion) inflows in 2008, compared with a share of 13.82% in 2006. For the same period, total FDI inflows increased by 8.59%. Source: Asean Roundtable 2010. Achieving the asean economic growth 2015: Challenges for Member countries 29th April 2010. Aseans Readinesss in achieving the Asean economic community 2015. Pushpanathan Sundram Regional governments attitude towards international trade and investments, both outward and inward; The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) is a regional free trade agreement among Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand,the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Vietnam, Cambodia,Laos, and Myanmar. The ten participating countries agreed to develop a free trade area that would become a single market with more than 550 million potential consumers (Bonami, 2005). An integrated ASEAN would be the eighth-largest automobile market, with 1 million new car sales each year. With projected growth trends, it has the potential to actually become the fourth largest auto market, with as many as 2.2 million new autosales annually (Seeking for Bigger Share, 2002). The creation of the free trade zone in Southeast Asia allowed PROTON greater access to its neighboring countries. While good news from the marketing front, AFTA would also set the stage for greater future competition for which PROTON was inadequately prepared. (Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008) The protective tariff regime, which imposed rates of up to 300% on imported cars and helped PROTON to gain dominate market share has been phased out. In line with AFTA, all but a few import tariffs will be reduced to between 0 and 5% by 2008 (Shameen,2005). The increasing level of international competition puts the Malaysian firm in a very vulnerable position (Savage, 2005, p. 20). With plants, contract assembly, and/or joint ventures in Britain, Italy, Iran, Indonesia, Vietnam, and China (Bonami, 2005), . Although Malaysias overall automobile sales increased dramatically in 2005, the escalating competition saw PROTON continue its domestic decline (Edwin, 2005). Even with limited protective barriers still in place, the firms Malaysian market share had declined from roughly 70% to 45% in the previous five-year period (Burton, 2005). In response, PROTON is looking to expand its export efforts within the ASEAN region, the Mediterranean countries . . . , the Middle East, China, as well as India and Russia to a lesser extent (Bonami, 2005, p. S5). While this is clearly a reasonable course of action, as exports account for less than 5% for Malaysian automakers versus the roughly 60% in Japan (Bonami, 2005), production capacity is still comparatively very small. PROTON, notwithstanding its earlier intentions of a large-scale strategy, is simply not big enough to gain economies of scale to compete effectively in the export market against giant global competitors (Shameen, 2005). The company has also been slow to market itself effectively around the world. Recent years have seen the organization neglect its prior efforts at branding, which has led to a cheap car image, even in the domestic market (Savage, 2005, p. 20). According to Rajeev Lochan, general manager, Asia-Pacific, TNS Automotive, While the short-term challenge is to provide a promotional thrust to models in its current line-up, the long-term requires PROTON to invest in revamping its aging product portfolio and reposition its brand to reach a wider base of prospective car buyers (Savage, 2005, p. 20). The stakes are very high, as approximately 100,000 jobs are on the line when considering PROTON and its component supply chain (Burton, 2005). By signing the AFTA agreement by the Malaysian government PROTON has to find alternative ways how to compete successfully with all its foreign competitors. Specify potential areas of intra-regional conflicts (if any) and synergies; As mentioned before Proton is a classic case of a long-protected national champion that is struggling as the market opens up and a perfect example of intra-regional conflict with its neighboring countries such as Thailand and Indonesia where the car market is liberalised. In 2002 its domestic market share was more than 60%. That has now fallen to 44% after Malaysia reluctantly agreed with its partners in the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to drop import barriers on ASEAN cars to around 20%, from up to 300% previously. And the process is just beginning: Malaysia actually fudged the market opening by simultaneously hiking excise taxes on the imported cars. But by 2008 the country has to do away with such sophistry and cut import duties to 5% The trouble is that Malaysias politicians and managers have failed to realise how vulnerable Proton is, says Graeme Maxton, director of automotive research group Autopolis. The Malaysians see it as a world-class carmaker with great export potential; the reality is that it is too small to survive in a global market dominated by just a dozen huge carmakers. Proton is off the scale in terms of economies of scale, says Mr Maxton, and it will slowly die once the market opens up. Hence, I argue that it is that it is undesirable to pursue such a strategy because on the long term this expensive project( proton and the automotive industry in Malaysia) will impose heavy costs on the government. The establishment of PROTON has to be attributed to the vision of the Malaysian government. The firm successfully positioned itself as the national car and pride of Malaysia, a symbol of its countrys accomplishment on the global stage. I agree that government initiation of a national champion (Donnelly et al., 2002) is certainly a powerful force for the vision and subsequent emergence of a developing country. The conflict which might arise is that Malaysia still is not willing to open up its car market completely to protect its own interest. This might result into intra-regional conflicts between Asean members. Especially between its neighboring countries because there is sufficient expertise available and this can be applied and used at the Malaysian carmarket (Zafar A. Humpreys J. 2008). This is the key problem that has prevented the government of Malaysia from signing ant bilateral Free Trade Agreements despite several attemps. For example the partnership with Japan in 2006, is called Economic Partnership Agreement is not compared to a fully eligible fta. Currently in Malaysia the call for liberalization and subsidies faced by industries (automotive) has remained an obstancle to greater integration in AEC. Synergies regarding the automotive in Malaysia are not available, futher it is difficult to determine the synergies between other automotive industries such as Thailand and Indonesia because the Malaysian automotive industry is a unique example compared to relative liberased automotive markets( Thailan Indonesia). Asean Roundtable 2010. Achieving the Asean Economic Community 2015:Challenges for Member countries. 29 April 2010, Singapore. Towards an Integrated Asian Economic Community. Where is Malaysia? Rajah Rasiah Application of suitable management model(s) to analyze findings According to the literature both models of porter can be applied to the Malaysian Automotive industry, however, Porters diamond also acknowledges the role the governmental forces and luck can play in national competitive advantage in which the 5 competitive forces is lacking. (Sledge, 2005) Demand conditions Demand conditions describe the level of domestic demand that Proton faces. Demand conditions depend both on the quantity of demand as well as the sophistication level of consumers in a home market. In Malaysia, the demand for cars has been risen steadily due to increasing living standards and consumer expenditure. However, the difference between supply in terms of Malaysian cars and foreign cars is substantial ( Due to tariff barriers and special incentives dedicated to Malaysian car manufactures which results in significant higher prices for foreign cars). In fact the Malaysian government can largely influence the demand since most of the Malaysian lack the purchasing power to buy foreign manufactured cars. Generally, demand conditions are associated with a countrys level of economic development. Malaysia is has been having a sustainable economic growth of an average of 5% per year since the 1980s. The company has also been slow to market itself effectively around the world. Recent years have seen the organization neglect its prior efforts at branding, which has led to a cheap car image, even in the domestic market (Savage, 2005, p. 20). Thus, the general consensus is Malaysia is that Proton/Malaysian cars are perceived as one of the cheapest car in their segment and this can result that very demanding consumers create an awareness in firms that causes them to focus on the needs and preferences of the consumer. Also, quantities of demand drive firms to higher levels of efficiency and productivity. Thus, high levels of demand in a nation would drive the firms in that industry to become globally competitive (Sledge, 2005), however this is not applicable yet because Malaysia is still a developing country. Factors conditions According to Porter, factor conditions include any factors of production that a firm uses in its businesses. These include the traditional factors of production, this includes manmade structures that facilitate commerce, Still other factors would be educational and legal systems. Porter classifies these factors into five major categories: Human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, capital resources and infrastructure. The more advanced these factors are the more they will enhance the success of businesses located in the country. These factors provide needed inputs and systems that businesses use to gain competitive advantages over their rivals. Without them, firms would have to expend their own resources to provide such structures for commerce and transactions. (Sledge, 2005) Many of these important factors are still not completely utilized and developed to a certain level. Malaysia automotive industry is lacking most of the important factors such as human resources, knowledge resources many skilled Malaysian labors went abroad due to better labor conditions and highly skilled foreign labor has been brought into the Malaysian automotive industry. In order to expedite the transfer of technology to Malaysia, PROTON was proactive in initiating programs between local vendors and numerous established overseas technical collaborators. By 2002, some 222 collaborative arrangements were in place representing specialized assistance from various regional neighbors (primarily Japan, South Korea, and Chinese Taiwan), as well as Western Europe (Ahmed Humphreys, 2008) The Malaysian governments still plays a large role in their own industrial global competitiveness. It has been the initiative of the Malaysian government to set up its own automotive industry and therewith complementary industries will arise( such as car part suppliers). The aimed result was to create an advanced business infrastructure and an emphasis on innovation, however this is still not the case in the Malaysian automotive industry . Related and supporting industries This aspect of the model includes the importance of enterprises that indirectly or directly affect the automotive industry. Porter describes these ancillary businesses needed by firms as related and supporting industries. These most often encompass suppliers or distributors that serve the industry at hand. The model proposes that the stronger these industries are the stronger the local industry will be. The underlying assumption is that highly competitive supporting industries will drive the focal industry to be more competitive (Sledge, 2005). Hypothesis 3: Strong and dynamic related and supporting industries in a firm s home market will positively impact the firm s global competitiveness. PROTON, notwithstandingits earlier intentions of a large-scale strategy, is simply not big enough to gain economies of scale to compete effectively in the export market against giant global competitors (Ahmed Humphreys, 2008) And according to (ROSLI KARI, 2008)a research shows that foreign suppliers performed better than local suppliers. Interviews suggest that access to superior technology from abroad is the prime determinant of the inferior performance of local suppliers compared to foreign suppliers. Local firms lack firm-specific advantages that foreign multinational suppliers enjoy It points to the need for companies and governments to encourage and support ancillary industries to enhance global competitiveness. In both models, this parameter estimate was the second largest and the most statistically significant. This underscores the importance of related and supporting industries in the context of global competitiveness. Without a network, firms can not hope to be worldwide leaders. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry is the fourth clement in the model. This point on the diamond refers to several key strategic factors that characterize a firm. Strategy describes the types of actions firms utilize to achieve both long-range and short-range goals. These are often either low-cost, differentiation, focus strategies or some combination thereof Other common strategies include growth, maintenance or restructuring activities. Growth strategies would be associated with higher competitiveness because the ability to pursue growth intemally or extemally would be indicative of overall business health, Stmcture refers to the industry composition. This describes the degree to which an industry is concentrated or dispersed, competitive or monopolistic, or global or domestic. A more crowded structure would indicate multilevel competition and therefore greater competitiveness. Rivalry indicates both the number of players and the level of competition among firms in an industry. This could be heated, mid-range, non-rivalries or somewhere in between. Greater rivalry in an industry would lead a firm to higher levels of competitiveness vis a vis its rivals. Rivalry is thought to be the most comprehensive of the three factors, as it often indicates the underlying strategy and structure of the competitors Thus, a greater number of firm actions as well as a greater number of competitor responses in the focal industry lead to greater competitiveness of the firm. Hypothesis 4: Greater rivalry within a firm s home market will positively impact the firms global competitiveness Make and justify recommendations for possible business strategies to exploit the benefits in this region

deatharms Comparison of Death in Farewell to Arms and The Outsider (Th

Death in Farewell to Arms and The Outsider  Ã‚      Hemingway once said that "all stories...end in death." Certainly, each living person's "story" ends that way. The interrelationship of a narrative to a life, of the "boundary situation" of an ending, is of vital importance to the existence of these two fictional narratives, A Farewell to Arms and The Outsider. Death plays an important, one might say necessary, part in both novels, too: Frederic Henry is, of course, in war and witness to death many times, wounded himself, and loses Catherine; Meursault's story begins with his mother's death, he later kills an Arab, and then is himself tried and sentenced to death. In fact, the defining death-confrontations (Frederic's loss of Catherine, Meursault's death sentence) transform the characters into narrators; that is to say, the stories are told because of the confrontations with death. We must recognize that the fictive characters are attempting to provide or create an order or meaning where it appears there is none. Or, there are pre-exi sting versions, meta-narratives, which prove inadequate or unsatisfying, and which must be replaced by the narrative each character produces. Meursault responds directly and violently to the priest who represents one such meta-narrative for Meursault's life. In the crescendo of the final scene of that novel when Meursault confronts the priest and finally re- leases the pent up anger and frustration repressed for so long, he does experience an epiphany: As if this great outburst of anger had purged all of my ills, killed all my hopes, I looked up at the mass of signs and stars in the night sky and laid myself open for the first time to the benign indifference of the world. And finding it so much... ...s of The Myth of Sisyphus in The Outsider, and particularly to the discussion of the search for truth. In the Myth Camus goes through an inventory of accepted sources for truth and finds them all lacking: first he tries religion, but surprisingly it is too relative, for which god is god; second he tries science, but finds that it offers not precision but metaphor (the world is like...); third he tries logic, but finds that paradoxically it leads to contradiction (for if "all statements are true" is true then "no statements are true" must be one of the true statements). He is left with the "I" - not the Cartesian "I" - but the Humean "I" (a bundle of perceptions) as the foundation for a meaning system. That changing, evolving, non-static "I" is at the heart of both of these works. Works Cited: Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Simon, 1957.

The Division of Honors and Journeying Among the Gods :: Christianity God Religion Essays

The Division of Honors and Journeying Among the Gods missing works cited In this midterm essay I will discuss why Gods Journey. I believe that Gods journey for two reasons. One reason is to seek out honor for themselves. The other reason is to regain honors they have lost. To demonstrate this I will first discuss the journeys of Hades in the Homeric hymn "To Demeter" comparing it to the journey of Hermes in "To Hermes". I fell that both of these companion journeys were attempts by these Gods to win honors they did not already have. Next I will look at the companion journeys of Demeter and Apollo. I think that both of these Gods journeyed to regain honors they'd previously had, but lost. Lastly I will conclude by showing how all four Gods had to compromise and divide up the honors amongst themselves. "Earth with its wide roads gaped and then over the Nysian field the lord and All receiver, the many named son of Kronos, sprang out upon her with his immortal horses...Not an unseemly bridegroom among the immortals is Aidoneus, Lord on Many, your own brother from the same seed; to his share fell honor when in the beginning a triple division was made, and he dwells among those over whom his lot made him lord" (To Demeter 16- 18, 83-87). I think that these two sets of lines show that Hades viewed Persephone as a prize. Honor was one of the things Hades won when he, Zeus, and Poseidon divided up the world. Thus Hades felt justified in journeying up from the underworld to earth to claim Persephone as his bride. I feel that he felt he deserved to have her, according to his logic, because honor was something he was entitled to as a God. I feel that Hermes journey was similar to that of Hades in that he traveled in order to win honor for himself and for his Mother Maia. "A watcher by night and a gate keeper, soon destined to show forth glorious deeds among the immortal gods. Born at dawn, by midday he played his lyre, and at evening he stole the cattle of far shooting Apollon...But I shall be master of whatever skill is best to provide for you and me forever; we shall not suffer, as you bid me, to stay right here and be the only two immortals not plied with gifts and prayers.

Renaissance in the history of art

The Renaissance was much more than Just an episode in the history of art. The Renaissance gave birth to so many new ideas and styles beyond Just art, that are still being used today. Many of the greatest painters and architects rose during the renaissance era, such as Michelangelo, Brucellosis and Albert'. The Renaissance brought forth much more than Just art. The Renaissance gave birth to new talent and artwork that will forever be remembered in history. In the early years of Michelangelo, Brucellosis and the other great artists of this era, pursuing art was discouraged in the household.The adults saw it as a shameful career. Once these artist started showcasing their talents to the world, the view of art was changed to many. Artists gained new respect from the Europeans and were viewed as craftsman and useful to making goods. These artists inspired many with their work such as the Sistine Chapel and the Florence Cathedral. Also, architecture greatly contributed to this age of art. Alberta argued that buildings should mirror the human body in their supports and openings, which inspired many great artists such as Michelangelo.Much of the architecture during this era was created in this image of human likeness. Also, you can see the work of renaissance in modern day architecture. The Renaissance study of architecture came up with a grid pattern to lay out towns in a simpler way, which you can still see being used today. As you can see, there are many ways you can still see the Renaissance culture in modern day life. The Renaissance should not only be remembered for the art and talent it produced but the new ways and how culture changed as a whole.

Nursing Ethical Dilema-Racism

In to solar days hostel, there argon many h cardinalst quandarys that makes are face with that are virtually impossible to solve. adept of the most difficult and controversial issues that bon ton is still facing is racism. breast feeding as a transaction seems to avoid considering the task of racism (Vaughan, 1997). There is, however, a sequester aim to address this topic and to evaluate its implications for carry on for practice. The good motive committee has to step in when an honest dilemma arises and a finding must be made establish on application of the universal estimable beliefs. IntroductionThe health look at sector of the Statesn society is far from immune to genial injustice and the various forms of inequality that negatively impact new(prenominal) societal systems. The get together States health care industry has been and plows to be plagued by racism. During the pre-Civil War, Reconstruction and Jim Crow eras of American account, overt racism withi n the medical exam sphere was common. After the Civil Rights motion of the 1960s, segregation and some of the more unconcealed manifestations of racism dissipated. More subtle forms of racism, however, continue to pervade the health care industry.Historically, the American Association of Colored Graduate Nurses unite with the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1952, in the first place the general Civil Rights movement in the United States. There ingest ever been prominent nurtures of color, such as the quondam(prenominal) president of the ANA, Beverly Malone the current president of the study League for Nursing, Rhetaugh Dumas and the current president of Sigma Theta Tau, whitethorn Wykle. These women are all African-Americans who have been leadership for all nursing throughout their grand and distinguished careers.They are just trinity of the many ethnic/racial nonage haves who have made significant contributions to Nursing (Shaha, 1998). This is a real situation en countered on a post partum unit by a she-goat supervisory program. The situation describes an morals consultation about the ending of a uncomplaining who protests to be cared for by an African American shelter. The honest dilemma is presented from the viewpoints of the diligent, nurse, and ethics committee. The ethics committee steps in whenever an honest dilemma arises and solves the fuss base on universal honest principles (Corley, 2002). HistoryPatient is a married 42- years old female, who has a PhD in health care and a history of cardinal pregnancies. She is currently on a post partum unit after(prenominal) oral communication of her second child. She had a C-section quaternary hours ago and has just been admitted to the unit. Before the opening the nurse from Labor and Deli precise comprehend the longanimous saying to her husband I hope this time we do non get a black one, as she was referring to the nurse who pass on take care of her in the post partum uni t. By the time she was admitted there had been a substitution change and the nurse supervisor allotd the entree herself.The tolerant verbalized that she had previously had a bad experience in the equal hospital with an African American nurse who forgot to give her infliction medicine after the C-section and she hopes that this time she will non be facing the like consequences frightful pain that could not be controlled for two days. She asked the nurse to lay claim her the scoop up nurse they have on the unit. The respectable dilemma arises when the nurse delegate to this long-suffering of for the day is an African American nurse. This nurse is as well the best nurse on the tale with an extended experience of 20 years on post partum and is a very knowledgeable person.She has a BSN and currently is workings on her MSN in Obstetrics. All other nurses on the post partum floor on this day are floaters. After the nurse introduces herself to the affected role, the uncom plaining asks the nurse supervisor to assign a different nurse. How is the nurse supervisor going to handle this? How is she going to condone that the African American nurse is the best nurse they have for that day without hurt the patients feelings and helping her to mount trust in the delegate nurse?How is the nurse going to handle this patient knowing that she is judging her based on her race? Is she going to give her the same care afterward or the patient will suffer? Is the patient uncoerced to accept the care from an African American nurse? Ethical Dilemma An ethical dilemma arises when the decision-maker experiences indecision because available creams or alternatives support conflicting values or ethical principles or rules support reciprocally inconsistent courses of implement.The most general ethical principle for human action is do goodavoid causing perversive. Moral rules and i deports have to do with avoiding causing evil. Beneficence and utilitarian ideals have t o do with doing good. Nurses use the principle of beneficence or nonmaleficence while providing care. Patients have the right to turn down care and medical treatment (mhcc. maryland. gov). This example is very sensitive because the patient stand firm contact with one specific congregation of people, African Americans, but does not refuse care in general.The charge nurse will use the veracity principle by telling the truth to the patient that the nurse assigned for the day is the best. The candidness principle is applied here too. The assigned nurse is fair to patient in order to provide good care. Confidentiality is kept up(p) throughout the hospitalization. The nurse does not piece of land patients information with anyoane beside the health care team. Equality is another ethical principle used here when devising the decision of who is the best to provide care for the patient in order to do good the patient and not hurt her feelings (www.nursingworld. org).When ethical issu es arise in the nursing sphere of influence these ethical principles are guiding the health care professional in decision making. Clinical Evaluation and Ethical Issues When an ethical dilemma arises it needs to be brought to the ethical committee. The nurse assigned for the day called the ethical committee and brought up the patients and the charge nurses opinions. Since the patient had just been admitted to the floor, she needed to be assessed and have medication administered before the pain kicks in.Since she is refusing care from the nurse assigned, her care is delayed. This might impression in complications in the patients health condition. The nurse acts here as the patient avocate by protecting the patients right to self- determination. Nursing focusing The nurse is acting as the patient advocate she brought up the situation to the ethical committee saying that the patient will suffer if treament is delayed. Does the nurse know what to do in this situation? Can she handle this dilemma? The ethical committee met and looked at the facts.Based on the principles of nonmaleficence, freedom, equality and justice they conciliate that the nure assigned for the patient is the best choice for her. Nursing intervention and Issues The nurse assigned to the patient started by assessing her thoroughly and indeed developed a plan of care. The patient received pain medications every 4 hours as needed and a pain assesment was done every hour. If a patient is experiencing moral distress, the nurse whitethorn face the barrier, teach the patient how to take action or empower the patient to turn down the barrier.Summary Racial inequality is not grotesque to nursing. There are those who assert that America is indeed a racist society and that this racism is perpetuated by ignorance, apathy, poverty, and discrimination. Do not forget that racism, both active and passive, is not limited to relations among blacks and whites. Racism knows no bounds and can affect literall y any subpopulation that occupies a minority status. minuscule or no interrogation exists on race relations between other ethnic groups. The need for further research in this area is crucial.To combat the problem of racism in nursing, whether perceived or real, nursing must first brood diversity as an established style of operation. Nursing faculty, in mentoring the future of the profession, should support principles valuing diversity. It is only through accountability that we may implement and actualize diversity principles in order to ensure success of the profession into todays nursing. Ethical countersign within training programs for nurses and the formation of units to deal with resolving ethical problems should be taken into consideration (Labunski, 2003).

Macro Environmental Analysis Of Italy

Political facetsThe Italian semi governmental relations and authorities argon a merger of democracy and democracy, with mint s representatives in the parliament governing the tell. Italy s Chief of body politic is President Giorgio Napolitano. prime minister look Silvio Berlusconi is the caput of the commonwealth in Italy. He administ positions a multi- fellowship musical arrangement for sure-fire running of the political activities. Italy was a origin genus Ph completelyus of the European Union ( EU ) . Today Italy is a component of many an(prenominal) entailmentant supranational organsations ilk MIF, UN, G8, NATO, OECD, GATT/WTO or the OSCE. Italy has been a component of WTO since 1995 and it is similarly of mo to state that entirely EU member provinces argon WTO members. So Italy s slew policy is about the same as that of different(a) members of the European Union. This fact makes make believe that WTO trading spouses confine less communication channels i n trading because of the remotion of all barriers to planetaryistic profession in goods and services.Demographical facetsItaly has developed into an in scatterrial state, which is divided in two parts. The world-class function is the industrial developed North, which is dominate by private companies. The 2nd division is the inelegant South. The unemployment in the South is jolly senior gamey and it is clearly to see that this portion of Italy is less developed. The vernacular Domestic fruit ( gross domestic product ) is whizz of the most of import frugalal indexs. For Italy the gross domestic product is $ 1.823 one million million in 2008. But wizard has to maintain in head that this figure does non mention to the tribe. If one wants to puzzle in this aspects one should sapidity at the GDP ( uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ) . For Italy this is $ 31,300 this essence how much the mean individual life history in Italy hast to pass. As an investor this figure energy go truly ready to ex ecstasyd because one can see how much money a state has to go across in luxury goods. Alternatively of world able to afford 1s basic consumes. The brisk GDP festering graze in Italy achieved an nerve of -1 % in 2008. The chief industries in Italy be touristry, machinery, Fe and steel, chemicals, nutrient processing, fabrics, move vehicles, vesture, footwear, ceramics. The chief resources of Italy ar exploit merchandises like coal, Zn, vivid gas and a rumbustious oil color militias.Macro environmental analysis of IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy. The mess of India elect their authoritiess at all degrees ( Union, State and local ) by a system of cosmopolitan grownup licence popularly known as & A lsquo One adult male one ballot . The cardinal authorities exercises its abundant administrative origins in the name of the President, whose responsibilities are mostly ceremonial. The fundamental impartiality designates the judicial syst em of India under two subdivisions viz. the decision maker subdivision and Real national executive director source is centered in the Council of Ministers, lead by the Prime Minister of India.India suffered political instability for a few honest-to-god ages due to the failure of any party to win an absolute bulk in Parliament. yet, political stableness did non alter India s frugal class though it retard certain determinations associating to the frugal system.Membership of international organisationsADB, AfDB ( nonregional member ) , ARF, ASEAN ( dialogue spouse ) , BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN ( observer ) , CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-77, IFAD, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, LAS ( observer ) , NAM, OAS ( observer ) , PIF ( spouse ) , SCO ( observer ) , UN, UNESCO, UNWTO, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO internationalist RelationssInternational dealingss ships betwixt India and a jam of the states in our human race lay down been comparatively good. job indemnityIndia is a member of the manhood Trade scheme and its predecessor the General bargain on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) . While take parting in its council meetings, India has been important in voicing the concerns of the underdeveloped foundation. For case, India has continued its opponent to the inclusion of such affairs as labor and environment issues and other non-tariff barriers into the WTO policies. despite cut downing import limitations several(prenominal) times in the 2000, India was evaluated by the being Trade composition in 2008 as more restrictive than similar create economic systems, such as Brazil, China, and Russia. The WTO excessively identified electricity deficits and unequal transportation substructure as important restraints on trade. Its restrictiveness has been cited as a factor which has isolated it from the planetary fiscal crisis of 2008-2009 more than other states, even though it has reduce on-going economic growing.Demographical facetsIndia has a entire people of 1,17 gazillion people in 2009 and growing tempo of 1.5 % in 2009 with an mean age of 25 old ages. India has a grip of immature people and with a tolerate rate of 21.76 births/1,000 it has the highest birth rate of the leash states. Little over a poop of the nation in India make ups in capital s with 29 % this is comparatively low. However the grade of urbanisation in India is 2,4 % wich is at any rate the highest urbanisation rate of our three states.The labour party force in India is the 2nd largest in the universe with 523.5 million people in 2008 it is anyway the biggest of our three states. There is a batch of difference in dictation degrees in India. There is a hygienic line surrounded by truly high instruction and people that are non or ill educated.Comparison between Italy and IndiaPolitical facetsIndia is a democracy, Italy is a merger of democracy and democracy. This means that both(prenominal) states are informal and people who live at that place make the determ inations.The people of India elect their authorities by a ballot, which look at the map of a President.Italy s leader is President Giorgio Napolitano and Premier Minister Silvio Berlusconi.India is one of the major bring forthing states of coal. It too has important sedimentations of Fe, manganese, isinglass, bauxite, Ti, Br, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil and limestone. The natural resources for Italy are chiefly mined merchandises like coal, Zn, natural gas and a rough oil militias. India is non a member of the EU like Italy, which was a basis member of the EU, however international relationships between India and a batch of other states have been comparatively good.Demographical facetsIndia has a population of 1.166.079.217 dwellers. In comparison Italy s population is 58.000.000. unconnected from the major difference in population, the demographical facets for India and Italy are unequal. India has a population growing rate of 1.548 % whereas Italy has a growing rate of - 0.047 % . The population in India is rather immature in comparing with the population of Italy.In class 2005 India s urbanisation had an one-year rate of 2.4 % , Italy merely 0.4 % . These facts show us that thither are a batch of differences between the two states. economic facetsAs an economical index, frequently it is reffered to the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . For India the GPD is $ 3.297 zillion with an one-year growing of 6.7 % . In Italy this magnetic core is $ 1.823 one thousand million with a clear littler growing rate of -5.1 % per twelvemonth. twain states have in common that most of the GDP is made in the service sector. In Italy the service sector makes up 71 % of the entire GDP while in India it is 53.4 % . Italy s major exportings are precision machinery, motor vehicles ( utilitaries, luxury vehicles, bikes, scooters ) , chemicals and electric goods, merely the state s more storied exports are in the Fieldss of nutrient and vesture. India s major export trade goods include technology goods, crude oil merchandises, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, treasures and jewelry, fabrics and garments, agricultural merchandises, Fe ore and other minerals.Italy and India in comparing to The NetherlandsPolitical facetsIn the Netherlands the signifier of authorities is non similar to the 1s from India or Italy. It is a parliamentary representative egalitarian constitutional monarchy province. The disposal constitutionally consists of the power and the Cabinet Ministers. By the early mid-eighties the Dutch public tending province had become the most extended social security systemIn the universe still the public assistance province came into crisis when disbursement rose due to salient high unemployment rates and hapless economic growing. The centre-right and centre-left alliances wanted the Dutch public assistance province to make new occupations and to transmit the work out shortage under control. So that they reduced societal benefits, l owered the tax income enhancements and deregulated the concerns. With these solutions the economic system was recovered and the budget shortage and unemployment were reduced well.The Netherlands has a sum of 11 Parties and the major political parties are CDA ( Christian Democratic Appeal ) , PvdA ( ride Party ) , SP ( Socialist Party ) , and VVD ( spate s Party for Freedom and state ) . The Dutch Parliament consists of a south Chamber and a First Chamber. Both Chamberss of parliament discuss proposed statute law and reappraisal of the actions of the cabinet. The CDA has the most seats in the Chambers.Membership of international organisationsThe Netherlands is an active and responsible musician in the United Nations system each bit good as other many-sided organisations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , field Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and International Monetary neckcloth.Trade PolicyIn 2007 the exports of the Netherlands were $ 457.2 billion. The chief export trade goods are machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals and groceries. The Netherlands is a warm advocate of free trade and is a member of international forums like WTO and OECD. The portion of foreign trade in its GDP is more than one hundred twenty-five % . The Netherlands top three export spouses are Germany, Belgium and France.Demographical facetsWith 16.5 Million dwellers The Netherlands have a high population denseness of about four hundred people per square kilometers. The birth rate exceeds the decease rate with 10.9/1000 people against 8.68 death/1000 population and a really high net in-migration rate with 2.72 migrants/1000 people besides contributes to this. Therefore the Dutch population change magnitude by 50 % since the 1960 s. Recently the population roar is easy worsening. The population is more often than not divided in middle-sized metropoliss.Economic facets between the co ntrasting statesEconomic facets of the NetherlandsThe Netherlands has a comfortable and undefendable economic system, which depends to a great extent on foreign trade. Its economic system is besides noted for stable industrial dealingss, jolly low unemployment and rising prices and a healthy current history excess.From 2004 boulder cadaver 2006 the GDP went from about $ 610 billion up to $ 670 billion. The GDP per capita in the Netherlands is the highest of the tree point of reference states.The state has been one of the taking European states for pulling foreign direct place and is one of the four largest investors in the US. The gait of occupation growing reached 10-year highs in 2007, but economic growing fell sharply in 2008 as radioactive dust from the universe fiscal crisis constricted demand and raised the ghost of a corner in 2009.Main industriesNatural gas Dutch industry is diversified and includes a intermixture of concerns that range from fabrication, excavation, and energy production to expression and chemical fabrication.Economic facets of ItalyItaly has developed into an industrial state ranked by both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund as the universe s seventh largest economic system in USD exchange-rate footings and ten percent largest in footings of buying power para ( PPP ) by World Bank, IMF and the CIA World Factbook. More late, Italy has faced dogged economic growing and decreased international fight. Italy s economic strength is in the processing and the fabrication of goods, chiefly in little and moderate-sized family-owned houses. The state has been less winning in footings of developing universe household transnational corporations.Economic facets of IndiaIndia has had a market found system from 1991 boulder clay now. in the beginning that the authorities blocked a batch of the import/ export merchandises to protect the people. India achieved 9.6 % GDP growing in 2006, 9.0 % in 2007, and 6.6 % in 2008 thi s likely due to the planetary economic crisis seting the state on place 28 in the universe. The GDP ( buying power para ) did nevertheless turn from $ 2.816 trillion in 2006 to $ 3.069 trillion in 2007 to $ 3.297 trillion in 2008 puting India on place 5 harmonizing to the cia universe factbook.Most of this ( 53.4 % 2008 ) comes from the services sector in India.DecisionWhich state will hold the topper market to export goods and merchandises to?India is a really interesting state to merchandise with. The economic system is on a strong growing flight and anticipations are that it keeps turn of events. entirely India has to make is maintain their market unfastened and maintain on working on unwraping their substructure and educational system, this would besides better their GDP per capita. India has besides hardly been impact by the economic crisis of 2008/2009Italy on the other manus has had a existent job since the beginning of the crisis, in the EU Italy has taken one of the ha rdest hits on GDP ( PPP ) and GDP Growth rate, nevertheless, even to begin with the start of the crisis the Italian economic system had already been & amp lsquo sulky .In the terminal, it all depends on what goods and merchandises you are be aftering to export.Italy has few natural resources because Italy has specialized on industry and edifice luxury goods and for all this you need stuffs so exporting natural resources would be best here.In India we would export capital/consumer goods, if the economic system keeps turning as predicted than that combined with the fact that the liberalization of import revenue enhancements continues besides adding a population of over 1 billion people. Brands it one of the biggest possible markets in the universe at this clip.Reasoning that both of the states have their advantages, the EU in Italy and the market strong suit of India, we prefer India to merchandise with.Beginningswww.cia.govwww.demographic-research.orgwww.economist.comwww.geohiv e.comwww.oecd.orgwww.oup.comwww.wikipedia.orgwww.de.statista.comwww.economicshelp.orgwww.wiki.answers.com